Python is one of the most popular programming languages today, and for good reason. Not only is it incredibly powerful and versatile, it's also incredibly easy to learn. Python is an interpreted language, which means that it can be written and executed from the command line without the need for a compiler. This makes it perfect for quick scripting tasks, as well as more complex applications. Python is a great choice for many types of software development, from web applications to game development. Its simple syntax and powerful libraries make it a great choice for beginners, while its advanced features make it a powerful tool for more experienced developers. Python also has a large community of developers and users, which makes it easier to find help when you need it. Python is also a great choice for data science. It has a wide range of libraries and tools that make it easy to work with data, including tools for data visualization, machine learning, and natural language processing. With Python, you can quickly develop sophisticated models and algorithms for data analysis, and use these models to make predictions and insights. Python also has a wide range of applications in the world of artificial intelligence. Its libraries and tools make it easy to build AI applications, from simple chatbots to more complex machine learning systems. Python is also popular in the world of robotics, where it can be used to control robotic arms and other hardware. In short, Python is an incredibly powerful and versatile programming language, with a wide range of applications across many different fields like web design. Whether you're a beginner python class savailable or an experienced developer, Python is an excellent choice for your next project.
Thanks for reading.
1: How to write Python First Program in IDLE Shell 3.11.1
First Python Program to print Hello world:
Theory:
Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive,
object-oriented, and high-level programming language. It was created by
Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990. Like Perl, Python source code is also
available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). This tutorial
gives enough
understanding on Python programming language.
Prerequisites
You should have a basic understanding of Computer Programming
terminologies. A basicunderstanding of any of the programming languages is a
plus.
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented
scripting language. Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses
English keywords frequently where as other languages use punctuation, and it
has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.
• Python is Interpreted
− Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not
need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and
PHP.
• Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter directly to write your programs.
•Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of programming that encapsulates code within objects.
• Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for the beginner-level programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.
History of
Python
Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early
nineties at the NationalResearch Institute for Mathematics and
Computer Science in the Netherlands.
Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula 3, C,
C++, Algol-68,SmallTalk, and Unix shell and other scripting
languages.
Python is
copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available
under the GNU
GeneralPublic License (GPL).
Python is now
maintained by a core development team at the
institute, although
Guido vanRossum still holds a vital role in directing its progress.
Python
Features
Python's features
include −
• Easy-to-learn − Python has few
keywords, simple structure, and
a clearly defined
syntax. This allows the student to pick up the
language
quickly.
• Easy-to-read − Python code is more
clearly defined and visible to the eyes. • Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
• A broad standard
library − Python's bulk of the library is very
portable and
cross-platformcompatible on UNIX, Windows, and
Macintosh.
• Interactive Mode − Python has support
for an interactive mode
which allows
interactive testing and debugging of snippets of
code.
• Portable − Python can run on a
wide variety of hardware
platforms and has the
same interface on all platforms.
• Extendable − You can add
low-level modules to the Python
interpreter. These
modules enable programmers to add to or
customize their tools
to be more efficient.
• Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
• GUI Programming − Python supports GUI
applications that
can be created and
ported to many system calls, libraries and
windows systems, such
as Windows MFC, Macintosh, andthe X
Window system of
Unix.
• Scalable − Python provides a
better structure and support for
large programs than
shell scripting.
Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of
good features, few are listedbelow −
• It can be used as a
scripting language or can be compiled to byte
code for building
large applications.
• It provides very
high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.
• It supports automatic
garbage collection.
• It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.
PROGRAM:-
Print (“Hello World”)
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What is a Variable
in Python?
A Python variable is a reserved memory location to store values. In
other words, a variable in apython program gives data to the computer for
processing.
Every value in Python has a datatype. Different data types in Python
are Numbers, List, Tuple, Strings, Dictionary, etc. Variables can be
declared by any name or even alphabets like a, aa, abc, etc.
How to Declare and
use a Variable
Let see an example.
We will declare variable "a" and print it.
a=100
print a
100
Constants
A constant is a type of variable whose value cannot be changed. It is helpful to think of constants as containers that hold information which cannot be changed later.
Non technically, you can think of constant as a bag to store some books and those books cannot be replaced once place inside the bag.
List of some different variable types
x = 123 # integer
x = 123L # long integer
x = 3.14 # double float
x = "hello" # string
x = [0,1,2] # list
x = (0,1,2) # tuple
x = open(‘hello.py’, ‘r’) # file
Assigning value to a constant in Python
In Python, constants are usually declared and assigned on a module. Here, the module means a new file containing variables, functions etc which is imported to main file. Inside the module, constants are written in all capital letters and underscores separating the words.
Example 3: Declaring and assigning value to a constant
Create a constant.py
PI = 3.14
GRAVITY
=
9.8
Create a main.py
import
constant
print(constant.PI)
print(constant.GRAVIT Y)
When you run the
program, the output will be:
3.14
9.8
Types of
Operator
Python language
supports the following types of operators.
• Arithmetic
Operators
• Comparison
(Relational) Operators
• Assignment
Operators
• Logical
Operators
• Bitwise
Operators
• Membership
Operators
• Identity
Operators
Let us have a look on
all operators one by one.
Python Arithmetic
Operators
Assume variable a
holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then –
Python Comparison Operators
relation among them.They are also called Relational operators.
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −[ Show
Python Assignment Operators
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −[ Show
Python Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit by bit operation.
Assume if a = 60; and b = 13;Now in binary format they will be as
follows –
a = 0011 1100
b = 0000 1101
a&b = 0000 1100
a|b = 0011 1101
a^b = 0011 0001
~a = 1100 0011
There are following Bitwise operators supported by Python language
Python Logical Operators
There are following logical operators supported by Python language.
Assume variable a holds10 and variable b holds 20 then
Used to reverse the logical state of its operand
Python Membership Operators
Python’s membership operators test for membership in a sequence, such as
strings, lists, ortuples. There are two membership operators as explained below −
Result: Thus we have studied about basics of python.
2: Write a program to demonstrate the use of Python to add two numbers together and calculate the sum.
Theory: This program demonstrates the use of variables and arithmetic operations in Python.
Procedure:
Declare two variables, a and b, and assign values to them.
Add the values of a and b and assign the result to a new variable, c.
Print the value of c.
Program :-
a = 5
b = 3
c = a + b
print(c)
Output:
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Theory:
List:
A list is a collection which is ordered and changeable. In
Python lists are written with square brackets.
Example
Create a List:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(a)
Access
Items
You access the list
items by referring to the index number:
Example
Print the second item of
the list:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(a[1])
Negative
Indexing
Negative
indexing means beginning from the end, -1 refers to the last
item, -2 refers to the second last item etc.
Example
Print the last item of
the list:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(a[-1])
Range
of Indexes
You can specify a range of indexes by specifying where to
start and where to end the range. When specifying a range, the return value will be a new
list with the specified items. Example
Return the
third, fourth, and fifth item:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(a[2:5])
Example
This example returns the
items from the beginning to "orange":
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"] print(a[:4])
By leaving out the end value, the range will go on to the end
of the list: Example
This example returns the items from "cherry" and
to the end: a =
["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"] print(a[2:])
Range
of Negative Indexes
Specify negative indexes if you want to start the search from
the end of the list: Example
This example returns the items from index -4 (included) to
index -1 (excluded) a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"] print(a[-4:-1])
Change
Item Value
To change the
value of a specific item, refer to the index number:
Example
Change the
second item:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
a[1] = "blackcurrant"
print(a)
Loop Through a
List
You can loop
through the list items by using a for loop:
Example
Print all items in the
list, one by one:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for
x in a:
print(x)
List
Length
To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function: Example
Print the number of items
in the list:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(len(a))
Add Items
To add an item to the end
of the list, use the append()
method:
Example
Using the append() method to append an item:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
a.append("orange")
print(a)
To add an item at the
specified index, use the insert() method:
Example
Insert an
item as the second position:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
a.insert(1, "orange")
print(a)
Remove Item
There are
several methods to remove items from a list:
Example
The remove() method removes the specified
item:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
a.remove("banana")
print(a)
Example
The pop()
method removes the
specified index, (or the last item if index is not specified): a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
a.pop()
print(a)
Example
The del keyword removes the specified index:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del
a[0]
print(a)
Example
The del keyword
can also delete the list completely:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del a
Example
The clear()
method empties the list:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
a.clear()
print(a)
Copy a List
You
cannot copy a list simply by typing list2 = list1, because: list2 will
only be a reference to list1, and changes made in list1 will
automatically also be made in list2.
There are ways to make a copy, one way is to use the
built-in List method copy(). Example
Make a copy of a list with the
copy() method:
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
mylist =
a.copy()
print(mylist)
Join Two Lists
There
are several ways to join, or concatenate, two or more lists in Python.
One of the
easiest ways are by using the + operator.
Example
Join two list:
list1 =
["a", "b" , "c"]
list2 =
[1, 2, 3]
list3 =
list1 + list2
print(list3)
List Methods
Python has a set of
built-in methods that you can use on lists.
Method
Description
append()
Adds an element at the
end of the list
clear()
Removes all the elements
from the list
copy()
Returns a copy of the
list
count()
Returns the number of
elements with the specified value
index() Returns the index of the first element with the specified value insert() Adds an element at the specified position pop() Removes the element at the specified position remove() Removes the item with the specified value reverse() Reverses the order of the list
sort() Sorts the list
1. 2.
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Result: - Thus we have studied the use of lists in py.
PROGRAM :-
list=[" KL Rahul","Shubman Gill","Cheteshwar Pujara","Virat Kohli","Rishabh Pant","Shreyas Iyer","Axar Patel","Ravichandran Ashwin","Jaydev Unadkat","Umesh Yadav","Mohammed Siraj"]
for i in range(0,11):
print(list[i])
print(i)
.png)
Result: - Thus we have studied the use of for loop
using range function.
5 : Write a program in python in which a function is defined and calling that function prints .
Theory:
Function: A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called. You can pass data, known as parameters, into a function. A function can return data as a result.
Creating a Function:
In Python a function is defined using the def keyword:
def function_name():
function_body
Calling a Function:
To call a function, use the function name followed by parenthesis:
function_name()
Arguments:
Information can be passed into functions as arguments. Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. You can add as many arguments as you want, just separate them with a comma.
def function_name(arg1,arg2,arg3):
function_body
PROGRAM:-
Program1 (Function
without parameters):
def my_function():
print(“HEY THERE”)
my_function()
Program2 (Function with parameters):
print(msg)
my_new_function(“HELLO
EVERYONE”)
OUTPUT :-
.png)
Result: Thus
we have studied the concept of defining and calling the functions in python.
.png)
Result:- Thus we have studied to print current date in standard time format.
PROGRAM:-
a =
int(input('Enter
first number : '))
b =
int(input('Enter
second number : '))
c =
int(input('Enter
third number : '))
largest =
0
if a >
b and a >
c :
largest =
a
elif
b > c :
largest =
b
else
:
largest =
c
print(largest,
"is the largest of three numbers.")
OUTPUT :-
.png)
Result: - Thus we have studied to find largest of three numbers.
8 : Write a program to
create, concatenate and print a string and accessing sub-string from a given
string.
PROGRAM:-
a = "mostha"
b = "thomas"
c = a+b
print(c)
print(a[3:6])
print(b[:4])
OUTPUT:-
.png)
Result: Thus we have studied
concatenation of strings and accessing sub-string from it.
9 : Write a Python script that prints prime numbers less
than 20.
PROGRAM:-
print("Prime numbers between 1 and 75 are:")
ulmt=75;
for num in range(ulmt):
# prime
numbers are greater than 1
if num >
1:
for i in
range(2,num):
if
(num % i) == 0:
break
else:
print(num)
OUTPUT
:-
.png)
10 : Write a python class to reverse string word by word .
PROGRAM:-
class py_reverse:
def
revr(self, strs):
sp=strs.split()
sp.reverse()
res=" ".join(sp)
return res
str1=input("Enter a string with 2 or more words :
")
print("Reverse of string word by word:
\n",py_reverse().revr(str1));
OUTPUT:-
.png)
It helps to understand large and complex
amounts of data very easily. It allows the decision-makers to make
decisions very
efficiently and also allows them in identifying new trends and patterns very
easily.
It is also used in
high-level data analysis for Machine Learning and Exploratory Data Analysis
(EDA).
Data visualization can be done with various
tools like Tableau, Power BI, Python.
In this article,
we will discuss how to visualize data with the help of the Matplotlib library
of Python.
Matplotlib
Matplotlib is a
low-level library of Python which is used for data visualization.
It is easy to use
and emulates MATLAB like graphs and visualization.
This library is
built on the top of NumPy arrays and consist of several plots like line chart,
bar chart, histogram, etc. It provides a lot
of flexibility but at the cost of writing more code.
Pyplot
Pyplot is a
Matplotlib module that provides a MATLAB-like interface.
Matplotlib is
designed to be as usable as MATLAB, with the ability to use Python
and the advantage
of being free and open-source. Each pyplot function makes some change to a
figure: e.g., creates a figure, creates a
plotting area in a figure, plots some lines in a plotting area,
decorates the plot with labels, etc. The
various plots we can utilize using Pyplot are Line Plot, Histogram,
Scatter, 3D Plot, Image, Contour, and Polar.
After knowing a
brief about Matplotlib and pyplot let’s see how to create a simple plot.
# Online Python-3
Compiler (Interpreter)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# initializing the
data
x = [10, 20, 30, 80]
y = [20, 25, 35, 45]
# plotting the
data
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()
.png)
12 : Write python program in which an class is define,
then create object of that class and call simple print
function define in class.
PROGRAM:-
# define a class
class bike:
name =
""
gear = 0
topspeed = 0
# create object of class
bike1 = bike()
bike2 = bike()
# access attributes and assign new values
bike1.gear = 6
bike1.name = "Ducati panigale v4"
bike1.topspeed = 321
bike2.gear = 6
bike2.name = "kawasaki ninja h2"
bike2.topspeed = 400
print(f"Name: {bike1.name}, Gears: {bike1.gear} ,
topspeed: {bike1.topspeed}")
print(f"Name: {bike2.name} , Gears: {bike2.gear}
, top peed: {bike2.topspeed}")
OUTPUT:-
.png)
13 : Write a program to demonstrate working with tuple
in python.
THEORY:-
What is tuple in Python with example?
Tuple is a sequence of python
objects like list with immutable feature. We cannot add or remove an item in
tuple. Tuples are created by ( ). It contains heterogeneous
data-types.
eg: t=(1,2,'hello',20.5)
PROGRAM:-
my_tuple = ()
print(my_tuple)
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
print(my_tuple)
my_tuple = (24,"Hello",23)
print(my_tuple)
my_tuple = ("mouse", [8, 4, 8], (3, 2, 3))
print(my_tuple)
OUTPUT :-
.png)
14 : Write a program to demonstrate working of numpy library in python.
THEORY :-
This article will
help you get acquainted with the widely used array-processing library in
Python, NumPy. What is NumPy? NumPy is a general-purpose array-processing
package. It provides a high-performance multidimensional array object, and
tools for working with these arrays. It is the fundamental package for
scientific computing with Python. It is open-source software. It contains
various features including these important ones:
• A powerful N-dimensional array object
• Sophisticated (broadcasting)
functions
• Tools for integrating C/C++ and
Fortran code
• Useful linear algebra, Fourier
transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its
obvious scientific uses, NumPy can also be used as an efficient
multi-dimensional container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be
defined using Numpy which allows NumPy to seamlessly and speedily integrate
with a wide variety of databases. Installation:
• Mac and Linux users can install NumPy
via pip command:
.png)
Windows does not
have any package manager analogous to that in linux or mac. Please download the
pre-built windows installer for NumPy from here (according to your system
configuration and Python version). And then install the packages manually.
Note: All the
examples discussed below will not run on an online IDE. 1. Arrays in NumPy:
NumPy’s main object is the homogeneous multidimensional array.
It is a table of
elements (usually numbers), all of the same type, indexed by a tuple of positive
integers.
In NumPy
dimensions are called axes. The number of axes is rank.
NumPy’s array
class is called ndarray. It is also known by the alias array.
Example : [[ 1, 2, 3], [ 4, 2, 5]]Here,rank = 2 (as it is 2-dimensional or it has 2 axes)
first dimension(axis) length = 2, second dimension has length = 3overall shape can be expressed as: (2, 3)
PROGRAM :-
import numpy as np# Creating array objectarr = np.array( [[ 1, 2, 3],[ 5, 2, 5]] )# Printing type of arr objectprint("Array is of type: ", type(arr))# Printing array dimensions (axes)print("No. of dimensions: ", arr.ndim)# Printing shape of arrayprint("Shape of array: ", arr.shape)# Printing size (total number of elements) of arrayprint("Size of array: ", arr.size)# Printing type of elements in arrayprint("Array stores elements of type: ", arr.dtype)
OUTPUT :
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